{"id":3681,"date":"2026-05-02T12:13:27","date_gmt":"2026-05-02T11:13:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/livingdiabetes.com\/sources\/"},"modified":"2026-05-02T12:13:27","modified_gmt":"2026-05-02T11:13:27","slug":"sources","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/livingdiabetes.com\/ur\/sources\/","title":{"rendered":"Our Sources \u2014 NICE, NHS, ADA, Diabetes UK and Peer-Reviewed Research"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Living Diabetes content is grounded in published clinical guidance and peer-reviewed research.<\/strong> Below is the list of authoritative bodies and resources we rely on. We cite specific guidelines and trials in individual articles; this page explains <em>why<\/em> we use these particular sources.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Last reviewed: May 2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Primary clinical guidelines<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">NICE \u2014 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The UK&#8217;s official body for evidence-based clinical guidance. All Living Diabetes content is reviewed against current NICE recommendations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng28\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NICE NG28<\/a> \u2014 Type 2 diabetes in adults: management<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng17\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NICE NG17<\/a> \u2014 Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng18\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NICE NG18<\/a> \u2014 Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng3\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NICE NG3<\/a> \u2014 Diabetes in pregnancy<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng19\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NICE NG19<\/a> \u2014 Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng203\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NICE NG203<\/a> \u2014 Chronic kidney disease: assessment and management<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ph46\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NICE PH46<\/a> \u2014 BMI: preventing ill health and premature death in Black, Asian and other minority ethnic groups<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ADA \u2014 American Diabetes Association<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The ADA publishes the annual <em>Standards of Care in Diabetes<\/em>, the most cited international diabetes guideline. We refer to the 2026 edition (and earlier where specific evidence is unchanged).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Diabetes Care journal<\/a> \u2014 peer-reviewed primary source<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/professional.diabetes.org\/standards-of-care\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">ADA Standards of Care 2026<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0630\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0637\u0633 \u06cc\u0648\u06a9\u06d2<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The UK&#8217;s largest diabetes charity. We use Diabetes UK&#8217;s patient-facing position statements and food data tables, and link to the validated <a href=\"https:\/\/riskscore.diabetes.org.uk\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Know Your Risk<\/a> assessment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.diabetes.org.uk\/professionals\/position-statements-reports\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Position statements and reports<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.diabetes.org.uk\/diabetes-the-basics\/food-and-diabetes\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Food and diabetes<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">NHS<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>For UK-specific service information \u2014 the Diabetic Eye Screening Programme, the Healthier You Diabetes Prevention Programme, and patient-facing condition pages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/diabetes\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NHS conditions: diabetes<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/diabetes\/diabetic-eye-screening\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NHS Diabetic Eye Screening Programme<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/preventing-diabetes.co.uk\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Healthier You: NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">KDIGO \u2014 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The international body whose CKD staging and diabetes-CKD guideline is used worldwide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/kdigo.org\/guidelines\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">KDIGO guidelines<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Primary research databases<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a> \u2014 the US National Library of Medicine database for peer-reviewed biomedical research<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Cochrane Library<\/a> \u2014 systematic reviews of healthcare evidence<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/a> \u2014 trial registry, particularly for landmark cardiovascular outcome trials in diabetes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Landmark trials we reference frequently<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>UKPDS<\/strong> (UK Prospective Diabetes Study, 1998) \u2014 established the long-term benefits of glycaemic and blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes<\/li>\n<li><strong>DCCT<\/strong> (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, 1993) \u2014 demonstrated tight glycaemic control reduces complications in type 1 diabetes<\/li>\n<li><strong>EMPA-REG OUTCOME<\/strong> (2015) \u2014 first SGLT2 inhibitor cardiovascular outcome trial; reshaped diabetes medication choice<\/li>\n<li><strong>LEADER, SUSTAIN-6, REWIND, SELECT<\/strong> \u2014 GLP-1 receptor agonist cardiovascular outcome trials<\/li>\n<li><strong>DAPA-HF, EMPEROR-Reduced\/Preserved, DAPA-CKD, EMPA-KIDNEY<\/strong> \u2014 SGLT2 inhibitor trials in heart failure and CKD<\/li>\n<li><strong>SURPASS, SURMOUNT<\/strong> \u2014 tirzepatide trials in type 2 diabetes and obesity<\/li>\n<li><strong>DiRECT<\/strong> (2018) \u2014 diet-induced remission of type 2 diabetes<\/li>\n<li><strong>Diabetes Prevention Program<\/strong> (2002) \u2014 lifestyle intervention reduces progression to type 2 diabetes by 58%<\/li>\n<li><strong>ADAG<\/strong> (Nathan et al., 2008) \u2014 derived the formula linking HbA1c to estimated average glucose<\/li>\n<li><strong>Battelino et al.<\/strong> (2019) \u2014 international consensus on time-in-range targets<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pharmacology references<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/bnf.nice.org.uk\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">British National Formulary (BNF)<\/a> \u2014 UK prescribing reference<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk\/emc\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC)<\/a> \u2014 UK product information<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">DailyMed (US)<\/a> \u2014 US product information<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nutrition references<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/fdc.nal.usda.gov\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">USDA FoodData Central<\/a> \u2014 primary source for the food values used in our <a href=\"https:\/\/livingdiabetes.com\/ur\/carb-counter\/\">carb counter<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.diabetes.org.uk\/diabetes-the-basics\/food-and-diabetes\/eat-well-with-diabetes\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Diabetes UK food data<\/a> \u2014 UK-specific nutrition cross-reference<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Population and registry data<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data-and-information\/publications\/statistical\/national-diabetes-audit\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">National Diabetes Audit (UK)<\/a> \u2014 annual UK-wide care quality data<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/idf.org\/about-diabetes\/diabetes-facts-figures\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">International Diabetes Federation Atlas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How we cite<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Within an article we link directly to the most authoritative source for each clinical claim \u2014 preferring NICE \/ ADA guidelines and primary peer-reviewed research over secondary sources. When a guideline cites a landmark trial, we link to both. When evidence is uncertain or contested, we say so explicitly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read more about our approach in our <a href=\"https:\/\/livingdiabetes.com\/ur\/editorial-process\/\">editorial process<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The clinical guidelines, peer-reviewed trials, and authoritative bodies that Living Diabetes content is built on. Including NICE NG28, ADA Standards of Care 2026, KDIGO, Cochrane and PubMed.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3681","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"rttpg_featured_image_url":null,"rttpg_author":{"display_name":"Claude SEO","author_link":"https:\/\/livingdiabetes.com\/ur\/author\/claude-seo\/"},"rttpg_comment":0,"rttpg_category":null,"rttpg_excerpt":"The clinical guidelines, peer-reviewed trials, and authoritative bodies that Living Diabetes content is built on. Including NICE NG28, ADA Standards of Care 2026, KDIGO, Cochrane and PubMed.","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/livingdiabetes.com\/ur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3681","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/livingdiabetes.com\/ur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/livingdiabetes.com\/ur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/livingdiabetes.com\/ur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/livingdiabetes.com\/ur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3681"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/livingdiabetes.com\/ur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3681\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/livingdiabetes.com\/ur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3681"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}