Overview
Bursitis is inflammation of the bursae, small fluid-filled sacs that cushion bones, tendons, and muscles near joints. When bursae become inflamed, they cause localised pain and swelling. The condition most commonly affects the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee.
How common is it?
Bursitis is very common, accounting for about 1 in 10 musculoskeletal consultations. It affects people of all ages but is most common in adults over 40.
Causes and risk factors
Repetitive movements and sustained pressure on joints are the most common causes. Sudden injury or infection can also trigger bursitis.
Common risk factors
- Repetitive occupational movements (tiling, scrubbing)
- Prolonged kneeling or leaning on elbows
- Direct injury to the joint area
- Inflammatory arthritis such as gout or rheumatoid arthritis
- Bacterial infection in the bursa (septic bursitis)
- Age: tendons and bursae become less resilient with age
Symptoms
- Localised pain at the affected joint
- Swelling and tenderness at the site
- Warmth over the area
- Pain that worsens with movement but may be present at rest
- Limited range of movement
- Visible swelling at the elbow or kneecap
When to see a doctor
See a doctor if the area is very red, hot, and swollen with fever, as this may be infected bursitis requiring antibiotics or drainage. Also see a doctor if symptoms do not improve after 2 to 3 weeks of rest and self-care.
Diagnosis
Usually diagnosed clinically. Ultrasound confirms fluid in the bursa and guides drainage. MRI is occasionally used to assess surrounding structures. Blood tests and bursa fluid analysis are done if infection is suspected.
Treatments
Rest and activity modification
Avoid the movement or pressure that caused the bursitis. Apply ice packs for 20 minutes several times a day to reduce swelling.
Anti-inflammatory medication
NSAIDs such as ibuprofen reduce pain and inflammation. Can be taken orally or applied topically as a gel.
Steroid injection
An injection of corticosteroid directly into the inflamed bursa provides rapid and often lasting relief for cases that do not settle with rest.
Self-care and lifestyle
- Use knee pads if your work involves kneeling
- Take regular breaks from repetitive movements
- Strengthen muscles around affected joints to reduce bursal stress
- Maintain a healthy weight to reduce load on hips and knees
Prevention
Avoid repetitive pressure on bursae with protective padding. Warm up properly before exercise and use good technique during activities.