Overview
Bursitis is inflammation of the bursae, small fluid-filled sacs that cushion bones, tendons, and muscles near joints. When bursae become inflamed, they cause localised pain and swelling. The condition most commonly affects the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee.
How common is it?
Bursitis can affect different joints, especially areas exposed to repeated movement or pressure, such as the shoulders, elbows, hips and knees.
Causes and risk factors
Repetitive movements and sustained pressure on joints are the most common causes. Sudden injury or infection can also trigger bursitis.
Common risk factors
- Repetitive occupational movements (tiling, scrubbing)
- Prolonged kneeling or leaning on elbows
- Direct injury to the joint area
- Inflammatory arthritis such as gout or rheumatoid arthritis
- Bacterial infection in the bursa (septic bursitis)
- Age: tendons and bursae become less resilient with age
Symptoms
- Localised pain at the affected joint
- Swelling and tenderness at the site
- Warmth over the area
- Pain that worsens with movement but may be present at rest
- Limited range of movement
- Visible swelling at the elbow or kneecap
When to see a doctor
Get prompt medical advice for a hot, red or markedly swollen area, especially with severe pain, fever or feeling unwell; infection can occur without fever. See a clinician if symptoms worsen or do not improve after 1 to 2 weeks of self-care.
Diagnosis
Usually diagnosed clinically. Ultrasound confirms fluid in the bursa and guides drainage. MRI is occasionally used to assess surrounding structures. Blood tests and bursa fluid analysis are done if infection is suspected.
Treatments
Rest and activity modification
Reduce the movement or pressure causing pain. A wrapped cold pack for about 10 minutes at a time may ease swelling. Do not place ice directly on skin; seek advice first if sensation or circulation is reduced.
Anti-inflammatory medication
An NSAID such as ibuprofen may help if suitable. Ask a pharmacist or clinician first if you have kidney disease, stomach ulcers, take blood thinners, are pregnant or use other medicines. A gel may be an option, but is not suitable for everyone.
Steroid injection
A corticosteroid injection may help persistent bursitis after infection has been excluded. It is not suitable for infected bursitis. In diabetes, discuss glucose monitoring because injections can temporarily raise blood glucose.
Self-care and lifestyle
- Use knee pads if your work involves kneeling
- Take regular breaks from repetitive movements
- Strengthen muscles around affected joints to reduce bursal stress
- Maintain a healthy weight to reduce load on hips and knees
Prevention
Avoid repetitive pressure on bursae with protective padding. Warm up properly before exercise and use good technique during activities.
Sources for targeted updates
Updated: 24 October 2026. Targeted corrections to frequency, urgent-care guidance, treatment, key facts. This update covers the named sections; a full review of the remaining guide is pending.