Overview
The common cold is a mild viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, mainly affecting the nose and throat. Over 200 different viruses can cause it, with rhinoviruses being the most common. Colds are self-limiting and usually resolve within 7 to 10 days.
How common is it?
Adults average 2 to 4 colds per year; children can have up to 8 to 10. Colds are the most frequent infectious illness in humans.
Causes and risk factors
Viruses spread from person to person through respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes, and through contact with contaminated surfaces followed by touching the nose or eyes.
Common risk factors
- Close contact with an infected person
- Touching contaminated surfaces then touching face
- Cold weather (people spend more time indoors in close contact)
- Weakened immune system
- Lack of sleep and high stress
- Children (more colds, more virus shedding)
Symptoms
- Runny or blocked nose
- Sneezing
- Sore throat
- Mild cough
- Mild headache
- Low-grade fever (more common in children)
- Feeling generally unwell
- Symptoms peak around day 2 to 3, improving by day 7
When to see a doctor
See a doctor if symptoms are severe, fever is high (over 39C), symptoms last more than 10 days, or if chest pain, difficulty breathing, or worsening symptoms develop. People with asthma may need early review.
Diagnosis
Clinical diagnosis based on symptoms. Testing is not needed for routine colds. Consider testing for flu or COVID-19 if symptoms are more severe.
Treatments
Symptomatic relief
Paracetamol or ibuprofen for sore throat and headache. Saline nasal rinse or spray clears nasal congestion. Throat lozenges and warm honey and lemon soothe the throat.
Rest and fluids
Adequate rest supports immune function. Staying hydrated thins mucus and prevents dehydration.
Decongestant nasal sprays
Oxymetazoline or xylometazoline give rapid nasal congestion relief but should not be used for more than 5 to 7 days to avoid rebound congestion.
Self-care and lifestyle
- Wash hands frequently, especially after blowing nose or coughing
- Avoid touching your eyes, nose, or mouth
- Dispose of tissues immediately and wash hands after
- Rest at home to recover faster and avoid spreading the virus
Prevention
Regular handwashing is the single most effective way to prevent cold spread. There is no vaccine for the common cold due to the huge variety of viruses involved.