Overview
Ear infections can affect the middle ear behind the eardrum or the outer ear canal. They are very common in children. Many get better on their own, but some need medical assessment or treatment.
How common is it?
Ear infections are common, especially in young children. Adults can get them too, particularly outer ear infections.
Causes and risk factors
Middle ear infections often happen after a cold or flu when swelling traps fluid behind the eardrum. Outer ear infections are more likely when the ear canal is irritated or stays damp after swimming or bathing.
Common risk factors
- A recent cold or flu
- Young age
- Childcare or close contact with other children
- Exposure to cigarette smoke
- Swimming or trapped moisture in the ear
- Putting cotton buds or other objects in the ear
Symptoms
- Earache
- A high temperature
- Difficulty hearing or a blocked feeling
- Fluid or discharge coming from the ear
- Irritability or poor sleep in babies and young children
- Rubbing or pulling the ear in young children
When to see a doctor
Seek medical advice if symptoms are not improving after about 3 days, pain is severe, hearing changes are new, or fluid is coming from the ear. Get urgent help if there is swelling around the ear, you feel very unwell, a child under 12 months may have an ear infection, or you have diabetes or a weakened immune system.
Diagnosis
A clinician usually diagnoses an ear infection by asking about symptoms and looking in the ear with an otoscope. Tests are not usually needed unless infections are severe, repeated, or not improving as expected.
Treatments
Pain relief and rest
Paracetamol or ibuprofen can help pain and fever if they are suitable for you or your child. Many ear infections improve with time and supportive care.
Antibiotics or ear drops when needed
Some infections need antibiotic tablets or ear drops, especially if symptoms are severe, not improving, or the outer ear canal is infected.
Follow-up for repeated problems
Repeated middle ear infections or persistent fluid behind the eardrum may need further review, especially if hearing is affected.
Self-care and lifestyle
- Keep the ear dry if the outer ear is infected
- Do not put cotton buds, fingers, or other objects in the ear
- Use ear drops exactly as advised if they are prescribed
- Children should rest and drink fluids if they also have fever or cold symptoms
Prevention
Keeping up with routine vaccinations, avoiding smoke exposure, washing hands, and drying the ears after swimming can help reduce some ear infections.
Sources and review
Last reviewed: 20 July 2026 by Living Diabetes Editorial Team. This guide was checked against current patient and professional guidance. It is educational and does not replace care from your own healthcare team.