Overview
Haemorrhoids, also called piles, are swollen blood vessels in or around the anus. They can cause itching, discomfort, and bright red bleeding after a poo. Many improve with simple changes to toilet habits and diet.
How common is it?
Piles are common. Many people get them at some point, especially during pregnancy, with constipation, or as they get older.
Causes and risk factors
They are more likely when there is extra pressure in the lower rectum, often from constipation, straining, prolonged sitting on the toilet, pregnancy, or obesity.
Common risk factors
- Constipation and straining
- Sitting on the toilet for a long time
- A low-fibre diet
- Pregnancy
- Obesity
- Chronic diarrhoea
Symptoms
- Bright red blood on toilet paper or in the bowl
- Itching or soreness around the anus
- Swelling or a lump near the anus
- Discomfort during or after a bowel movement
- A feeling that you still need to empty your bowels
When to see a doctor
See a GP if you have bleeding from your bottom, a lump that is very painful, symptoms that are not improving, or a change in bowel habit or unexplained weight loss. Rectal bleeding should not automatically be blamed on piles.
Diagnosis
A clinician can often diagnose piles from your symptoms and an examination. Further tests may be needed if the cause of bleeding is uncertain or there are other warning signs.
Treatments
Diet and self-care
More fibre, enough fluids, and not straining can ease symptoms and reduce flare-ups.
Medicines
Creams, ointments, or pain relief can help for short-term symptoms, but they do not fix the underlying cause.
Procedures
If symptoms keep coming back or piles are larger or prolapsing, a specialist may suggest banding or, more rarely, surgery.
Self-care and lifestyle
- Aim for a high-fibre diet with fruit, vegetables, pulses, and wholegrains
- Drink enough water through the day
- Do not delay going to the toilet when you need to go
- Avoid straining and long periods sitting on the toilet
Prevention
Preventing constipation is the best way to reduce piles. Fibre, fluids, movement, and good toilet habits all help.
Sources and review
Last reviewed: 13 July 2026 by Living Diabetes Editorial Team. This guide was checked against current patient and professional guidance. It is educational and does not replace care from your own healthcare team.